---
product_id: 3742136
title: "China: A New History, Second Enlarged Edition"
price: "AED 208"
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---

# China: A New History, Second Enlarged Edition

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## Description

John King Fairbank was the West's doyen on China, and this book is the full and final expression of his lifelong engagement with this vast ancient civilization. It remains a masterwork without parallel. The distinguished historian Merle Goldman brings the book up to date, covering reforms in the post-Mao period through the early years of the twenty-first century, including the leadership of Hu Jintao. She also provides an epilogue discussing the changes in contemporary China that will shape the nation in the years to come.

Review: China's History can offer insight into current Chinese policies - A Review of “China A New History” by John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman I read “China, a New History” after completing Ray Dalio’s book, “The Changing World Order”. Mr. Dalio offered three major reasons why nations or empires fail: viz. the accumulation of debt, internal discord, and a rising external powerful nation. One need not look too far to see these factors in America’s current history. Mr. Fairbank’s book, “China a New History, affords a look into the third factor, China. My reading sought to extract insight into China’s historical influences that correlate to modern Chinese state behaviors. Perhaps the characteristics of Chinese culture began when neolithic farming villages formed kinships and networks in a system of “subordination-superordination” that continued thru Mao Zedong and beyond. Or beginnings arose as Neolithic silkworms feasted on mulberry leaves initiating silk production establishing a home craft economic structure. Perhaps cultural norms were initiated with the quasi-historical “Three Empires” (Xia, Shang, and Zhou; 2200 B.C. thru 256 B.C) when a strong central authority was established, and the Zhou leadership forcibly contested with surrounding Nomadic tribes. China’s evolution was partially shaped by its geology. China’s borders extend from latitudes equivalent to Canada in the north and Cuba in the south. China began as an agrarian society and for much of its history depended on rice from the warmer southern climates and some grains from the North’s less arable soil and less cultivable area. This led to the importance of the family unit, village life, and subsequently to the hierarchical economic organization, noted above, for support and distribution. This structure evolved thru the feudal-like Empire periods and was conducive to the destructive Commune period of Mao Zedong. The Empires were essentially autocracies conditioning China for the Communist revolution and the post Mao period from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping. The foundational philosophy of Chinese culture was Confucianism (Confucius 551-479 BC), which is, also, quintessentially hierarchical. The Analects of Confucius codified a set of behavioral principles; child to parent, citizen to the social stratification, and the society to the ruler. Conformity and adherence to the Confucian code would assure nobility in mankind and order in the society. As this developed in the Han and Shang periods, the most important part of the code was loyalty. This influence is unmistakable in modern China, whereas the Confucian distaste for the profit motive has been somewhat deflated by State capitalism. Additional philosophical influences in Chinese thought include Taoism (Lao Tzu), which is more to the mystical side, intimating a central ineffable Tao (the Way) akin to the Vedic Dharma or, perhaps, the essential nature of things. Introspective theosophies seem to have faded into the periphery of Chinese culture. After the decline of the Han dynasty- to which the Chinese trace their ancestry (221 BC to 220AD)- there was a “Buddhist Age”, which achieved a level of autonomy from the State (500 A.D.-850 A.D), incidentally evolving into a meditation form called Chan in Chinese and Zen in Japanese. Chinese thought does not invoke a deity, and Confucius’ attention to social stability seems to remain the most important underlying doctrine. A more extensive discussion of these philosophical influences would have been welcomed in Mr. Fairbank’s influential work. China’s history is replete with the interaction of the dominant Han Chinese and the nomadic tribes to the north and west. The author opines that China’s interior development of art, aestheticism, pictography, warfare, and isolationism (no early development of seafaring) was a cultural foundation stimulated as a reaction to the constant threat of “barbaric invasions” and establishing a cultural distinction from the nomad. The periodicity of Chinese Empires includes successes of nomadic tribes. The Mongol Empire (1279AD-1368AD) known as the Yuan Dynasty established its capital at Beijing under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Kahn. The final Chinese dynasty before the “Republican Revolution” of 1911 was the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), which was of Manchu origin (mostly descendants of seminomadic Ruzhen tribes which established the earlier Chinese Jin dynasty in the 12th Century); some examples of the Chinese National identity interspersed with governorships of tribal (semi)nomadic origins. The nomadic leaders generally followed Confucian ideation, which strengthened their central control. Chinese dynasties were often interrupted by periods of disorder such as the Warring States period (403BC-221BC) and the period of North-South disunion ((220-589AD) when the Han migrated to the warmer Yangzi valley and there was an ongoing incursion of nomadic tribes. This period was characterized by multiple small kingdoms in the north and south of China. Contestations of China with inner Asian tribes continues with modern China. The Chinese invaded Tibet in 1950. They are currently “re-educating” and forcefully confining the Uyghurs, a northern tribe with prominence since the 8th century and for a period dominated by the Tang dynasty (618AD to 907AD) in the continually shifting Sino-tribal relationships. Of course, China’s relationship with Taiwan is of critical importance currently. The history of Taiwan, (indigenous Peoples 3000BC-Portuguese (Formosa) settlement-Han (Hoklu) influxes post Portuguese-Taiwan secession to Japan-1949 Kuomintang democratic state-) argues against historical Chinese ownership. This issue is beyond the chronology of John King Fairbank’s book. Mr. Fairbanks presents approximately 150 pages detailing the history of Chinese empires, which is admixed with cultural, philosophical, important period contributors, and overview opinions, which makes a confluent demarcation of specific periods somewhat difficult to define. Tables and maps partially come to the rescue. China had an established wide East Asian trade before the Portuguese and the Spanish invaded East Asia in the sixteenth century. The evolution of Western influence in China led to a period of foreign dominace that has not been forgotten in Chinese memory, as it has evolved into the second largest world economy. The British East India company established trade with China in the early 18th century, which strengthened after 1759 thru their exclusivity in the port at Canton (Guangzhou). Opium was imported in exchange for Chinese silver and goods leading to the Opium Wars of 1839-1842 and 1856-1860. The treaty of Nanjing in 1842 and the treaty of Tianjin in 1858 essentially gave Great Britain extraordinary privileges in China (and ownership of Hong Kong to boot). The Coastal cities were Westernized, and the importation of Opium continued for 100 years. The author, John Fairbanks cites these events as more culturally significant than that of the Ruzhen, Mongols, and Manchus empires combined. Undoubtedly, the European, Russian, American, and Japanese encroachments in China, resulting in China’s “Century of shame” (1842-1949), was an enormous stimulus towards China’s subsequent growth, modernization, independence, and much later, economic dominance secondary only to the United States. The People’s Republic of China was established by Mao in 1949 after defeating Chiang Kai-Shek’s Kuomintang. The civil war ended foreign dominance in China. Mao Zedong’s ‘great leap forward’ and ‘cultural revolution’ are covered in great factual detail by Mr. Fairbank. The post-Mao reform era is recounted as an addition to Mr. Fairbank’s original tome by Merle Goldman including the influence of Deng Xiaoping in creating the China that the world now faces. The intent of this review was to focus on the way that China’s history from Neolithic origins thru Mao Zedong reflect on China’s worldview and its influence on possible Chinese policies. “China, a New History” is a scholarly exposition toward that intent.
Review: interesting, insightful, well written - The 2006 version of this book has 2 added chapters from historian Merle Goldman. She wraps up the post-Mao events, economical, political, societal, and foreign interactions. The main part of the book is informative, with objective descriptions of events and people, the last two show the changes that have occurred since 1976, with a opening left for post-2005 China changes. Well worth having for anyone interested in Chinese history, whether modern or older. This book is good for the layman who may also want to learn more, as the suggested readings are comprehensive.

## Technical Specifications

| Specification | Value |
|---------------|-------|
| Best Sellers Rank | #253,601 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #22 in Regional Geography #267 in Chinese History (Books) #5,801 in World History (Books) |
| Customer Reviews | 4.2 out of 5 stars 157 Reviews |

## Images

![China: A New History, Second Enlarged Edition - Image 1](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71RDezpJOfL.jpg)

## Customer Reviews

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ China's History can offer insight into current Chinese policies
*by L***S on September 5, 2022*

A Review of “China A New History” by John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman I read “China, a New History” after completing Ray Dalio’s book, “The Changing World Order”. Mr. Dalio offered three major reasons why nations or empires fail: viz. the accumulation of debt, internal discord, and a rising external powerful nation. One need not look too far to see these factors in America’s current history. Mr. Fairbank’s book, “China a New History, affords a look into the third factor, China. My reading sought to extract insight into China’s historical influences that correlate to modern Chinese state behaviors. Perhaps the characteristics of Chinese culture began when neolithic farming villages formed kinships and networks in a system of “subordination-superordination” that continued thru Mao Zedong and beyond. Or beginnings arose as Neolithic silkworms feasted on mulberry leaves initiating silk production establishing a home craft economic structure. Perhaps cultural norms were initiated with the quasi-historical “Three Empires” (Xia, Shang, and Zhou; 2200 B.C. thru 256 B.C) when a strong central authority was established, and the Zhou leadership forcibly contested with surrounding Nomadic tribes. China’s evolution was partially shaped by its geology. China’s borders extend from latitudes equivalent to Canada in the north and Cuba in the south. China began as an agrarian society and for much of its history depended on rice from the warmer southern climates and some grains from the North’s less arable soil and less cultivable area. This led to the importance of the family unit, village life, and subsequently to the hierarchical economic organization, noted above, for support and distribution. This structure evolved thru the feudal-like Empire periods and was conducive to the destructive Commune period of Mao Zedong. The Empires were essentially autocracies conditioning China for the Communist revolution and the post Mao period from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping. The foundational philosophy of Chinese culture was Confucianism (Confucius 551-479 BC), which is, also, quintessentially hierarchical. The Analects of Confucius codified a set of behavioral principles; child to parent, citizen to the social stratification, and the society to the ruler. Conformity and adherence to the Confucian code would assure nobility in mankind and order in the society. As this developed in the Han and Shang periods, the most important part of the code was loyalty. This influence is unmistakable in modern China, whereas the Confucian distaste for the profit motive has been somewhat deflated by State capitalism. Additional philosophical influences in Chinese thought include Taoism (Lao Tzu), which is more to the mystical side, intimating a central ineffable Tao (the Way) akin to the Vedic Dharma or, perhaps, the essential nature of things. Introspective theosophies seem to have faded into the periphery of Chinese culture. After the decline of the Han dynasty- to which the Chinese trace their ancestry (221 BC to 220AD)- there was a “Buddhist Age”, which achieved a level of autonomy from the State (500 A.D.-850 A.D), incidentally evolving into a meditation form called Chan in Chinese and Zen in Japanese. Chinese thought does not invoke a deity, and Confucius’ attention to social stability seems to remain the most important underlying doctrine. A more extensive discussion of these philosophical influences would have been welcomed in Mr. Fairbank’s influential work. China’s history is replete with the interaction of the dominant Han Chinese and the nomadic tribes to the north and west. The author opines that China’s interior development of art, aestheticism, pictography, warfare, and isolationism (no early development of seafaring) was a cultural foundation stimulated as a reaction to the constant threat of “barbaric invasions” and establishing a cultural distinction from the nomad. The periodicity of Chinese Empires includes successes of nomadic tribes. The Mongol Empire (1279AD-1368AD) known as the Yuan Dynasty established its capital at Beijing under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Kahn. The final Chinese dynasty before the “Republican Revolution” of 1911 was the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), which was of Manchu origin (mostly descendants of seminomadic Ruzhen tribes which established the earlier Chinese Jin dynasty in the 12th Century); some examples of the Chinese National identity interspersed with governorships of tribal (semi)nomadic origins. The nomadic leaders generally followed Confucian ideation, which strengthened their central control. Chinese dynasties were often interrupted by periods of disorder such as the Warring States period (403BC-221BC) and the period of North-South disunion ((220-589AD) when the Han migrated to the warmer Yangzi valley and there was an ongoing incursion of nomadic tribes. This period was characterized by multiple small kingdoms in the north and south of China. Contestations of China with inner Asian tribes continues with modern China. The Chinese invaded Tibet in 1950. They are currently “re-educating” and forcefully confining the Uyghurs, a northern tribe with prominence since the 8th century and for a period dominated by the Tang dynasty (618AD to 907AD) in the continually shifting Sino-tribal relationships. Of course, China’s relationship with Taiwan is of critical importance currently. The history of Taiwan, (indigenous Peoples 3000BC-Portuguese (Formosa) settlement-Han (Hoklu) influxes post Portuguese-Taiwan secession to Japan-1949 Kuomintang democratic state-) argues against historical Chinese ownership. This issue is beyond the chronology of John King Fairbank’s book. Mr. Fairbanks presents approximately 150 pages detailing the history of Chinese empires, which is admixed with cultural, philosophical, important period contributors, and overview opinions, which makes a confluent demarcation of specific periods somewhat difficult to define. Tables and maps partially come to the rescue. China had an established wide East Asian trade before the Portuguese and the Spanish invaded East Asia in the sixteenth century. The evolution of Western influence in China led to a period of foreign dominace that has not been forgotten in Chinese memory, as it has evolved into the second largest world economy. The British East India company established trade with China in the early 18th century, which strengthened after 1759 thru their exclusivity in the port at Canton (Guangzhou). Opium was imported in exchange for Chinese silver and goods leading to the Opium Wars of 1839-1842 and 1856-1860. The treaty of Nanjing in 1842 and the treaty of Tianjin in 1858 essentially gave Great Britain extraordinary privileges in China (and ownership of Hong Kong to boot). The Coastal cities were Westernized, and the importation of Opium continued for 100 years. The author, John Fairbanks cites these events as more culturally significant than that of the Ruzhen, Mongols, and Manchus empires combined. Undoubtedly, the European, Russian, American, and Japanese encroachments in China, resulting in China’s “Century of shame” (1842-1949), was an enormous stimulus towards China’s subsequent growth, modernization, independence, and much later, economic dominance secondary only to the United States. The People’s Republic of China was established by Mao in 1949 after defeating Chiang Kai-Shek’s Kuomintang. The civil war ended foreign dominance in China. Mao Zedong’s ‘great leap forward’ and ‘cultural revolution’ are covered in great factual detail by Mr. Fairbank. The post-Mao reform era is recounted as an addition to Mr. Fairbank’s original tome by Merle Goldman including the influence of Deng Xiaoping in creating the China that the world now faces. The intent of this review was to focus on the way that China’s history from Neolithic origins thru Mao Zedong reflect on China’s worldview and its influence on possible Chinese policies. “China, a New History” is a scholarly exposition toward that intent.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ interesting, insightful, well written
*by S***Y on February 13, 2011*

The 2006 version of this book has 2 added chapters from historian Merle Goldman. She wraps up the post-Mao events, economical, political, societal, and foreign interactions. The main part of the book is informative, with objective descriptions of events and people, the last two show the changes that have occurred since 1976, with a opening left for post-2005 China changes. Well worth having for anyone interested in Chinese history, whether modern or older. This book is good for the layman who may also want to learn more, as the suggested readings are comprehensive.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Coverage without detail
*by W***E on October 23, 2012*

I found this history to be balanced and has a good broad coverage of the field. However, in some areas of interest to me, there was a lack of depth. Particularly the Neoliothic societies, and the transitions through the earliest dynasties.

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